供应链管理06资料.ppt

Supply Chain Management供应链管理（SCM） 第06讲 韩延慧 交通运输学院 联系方式 办公室：第八教学楼8501房间 办公室电话:电子邮箱: 个人邮箱: yhhan@bjtu.edu.cn Ch6 Inventory Management库存控制 库存控制 一、库存管理概述 二、库存管理的需求预测 三、独立库存的控制 四、供应链模式下库存管理策略 库存的产生 当物料或产品沿供应链移动时，不同的供应链环节会储存一些物料、半成品和成品，从而形成库存。 顾客要求的供货期与制造周期不匹配。为了满足顾客的需要，企业用库存来缩短供货期，以满足顾客需求。 顾客的需求变化不能预测。企业必须保持一定库存来应付突然增长的顾客需求。 供应的数量和质量、供应的成本及能力是不确定的、库存用以降低这些因素所带来的经营风险。 物流服务的经营规模鼓励库存。例如，生产、整车运输能降低制造和运输成本。 由于计划不周导致的过剩物料或产品。 What is Inventory? Those stocks or items used to support production, supporting activities (maintenance, repair, and operating supplies), and customer service (finished goods and spare parts). Any material required to create a saleable product or to run the business. 存货单元的类别 库存中的物料和产品需要加以区分和单独控制，这样库存中每一个单项都代表着众多存货中某一种特有的物料或产品种类，通常用“存货单元”（Stock Keeping Unit, SKU）表示。 SKU is defined as an item of stock that is completely specified as to function, style, size, color, location,... “阻值为2欧，最大工作电压110伏，额定功率0.125瓦的电阻器”所代表的就是一个特有的存货单元。 库存的类别 ABC Analysis Pareto’s Rule (80-20 Rule) Based on a nineteenth century mathematician’s observation that many situations were dominated by a very few elements. Conversely, most elements had very little influence in most situations. Separates the “trivial many(琐细的多数)” from the “vital few (重要的少数) ” . 库存的类别 A items - items accounting for a large dollar usage volume (Approximately the top 20% of items). B items - items accounting for a moderate dollar usage volume (Approximately the next 50% of items). C items - items accounting for a low dollar usage volume (Approximately the remaining 30% of items).  库存的类别 库存的类别 根据库存在生产过程和配送过程中所处的状态 Raw Materials/Purchased Parts Work-in-Process Finished Goods (to include spare parts) Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Supplies (MRO,维护修理操作物料 ) 库存的类别 根据库存的作用或功能 Cycle inventories: result from an attempt to order or produce in batches instead of one unit at a time.(经常库存或周转库存:由于批量生产或订货而周期性形成的库存) Congestion stocks: inventories due to items competing for limited capacity.(拥挤库存:由于设备