高分子物理 案例.ppt

Introduction to Polymer Physics Prof. Dr. Yiwang Chen School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047 Chapter 8 Dielectric Analysis8.1 Polarization and Dielectric Constant In place of a mechanical strain, viscoelastic response may be characterized by applying a time-dependent electric voltage to the sample. The voltage establishes an electric field in the sample, which becomes electrically polarized. This means that any induced and permanent dipoles become oriented in the electric field. Polarization due to ionic conduction and the induction of a dipole moment of the molecule resulting from the distortion of the electron cloud of individual atoms is nearly instantaneous, while polarization due to the molecular motion and alignment of permanent dipoles in the electric field requires time. The polarization and ionic conduction result in the creation of a current whose amplitude depends upon frequency, temperature, and the dielectric properties of the material. As in the case of the stress response in dynamic-mechanical analysis, the frequency of the current is the same as the applied field but is shifted by the phase angle ?. In dielectric analysis, the most important parameter for characterizing a sample is its dielectric constant, ?. Theory. When a voltage (U) is applied across two electrodes between which a dielectric material is applied, a charge is established across the capacitor. This charge, Q, (units of coulombs), is related to U and capacitance (C) of the material (units of farads) as The capacitance may be expressed in terms of the capacitance of vacuum, C0, as Where ? (dimensionless) is the dielectric constant which is a function of temperature and time (or frequency). By definition, the dielectric constant for a vacuum is unity. The dielectric constant for air is only slightly higher at 1.0006, while that for water, which is capable of strong polarization, is 81 at room temperature and low frequency. * 高聚物的电学性质是指聚合物