chNontariffTradeBarrier国际经济学ByRobertJCarbaughs.pptVIP

Carbaugh, Chap. 6 International EconomicsBy Robert J. Carbaugh9th Edition Chapter 6: Nontariff Trade Barriers Import quotas Quotas are a restriction on the quantity of a good that may be imported in any one period (usually below free-trade levels) Global quotas restrict the total quantity of an import, regardless of origin Selective quotas restrict the quantity of a good coming from a particular country Import quota: trade welfare effects Effects of a quota on sugar imports Comparing tariffs and quotas Tariff-rate quota The tariff-rate quota is a two-tiered tariff A specified number of goods (up to the quota limit) may be imported at one (lower) tariff rate, while imports in excess of the quota face a higher tariff rate Tariff-rate quota: trade welfare effects Orderly marketing agreements Market sharing pact signed by trading partners Intended to protect less efficient domestic producers Usually involve voluntary export restraints, or export quotas Recent trade negotiations have restricted the use of these agreements Effects of a voluntary export quota Domestic content requirements Rules that require a certain percentage of a product’s total value to be produced domestically Often has the effect of forcing lower-priced imports to include higher-cost domestic components or be assembled in a higher-cost domestic market Domestic content: trade welfare effects Subsidies Domestic subsidy Payments made to import-competing producers to raise the price they receive above the market price Export subsidy Payments and incentives offered to export producers intended to raise the volume of exports Subsidies: trade welfare effects Subsidies: trade welfare effects Dumping The practice of selling a product at a lower price in export markets than at home (or exporting at prices below production cost) Sporadic dumping - to clear unwanted inventories or cope with excess capacity Predatory dumping - to undermine foreign competitors Persistent dumping - reaping greater profits by