无线通信基础(双语)教学课件3.ppt

Given that dht±hr, and It can be derived that Given that dhthr, we have d1 ≈ d and d2≈d. However, since the carrier wavelength is very small compared with d, a slight change in the propagation distance can cause a significant change in the received signal carrier phase. How is two-ray model obtained? Taken into account the phase difference, the received signal power is Where αf and βf are the amplitude attenuation and carrier phase shift introduced by the reflection. If αf ≈1 and βf =π for θ 1, then It had been derived that How is two-ray model obtained? And the corresponding path loss is: If the product λd is much greater than the product ht and hr, we can approximate sinθ by θ, thus And the corresponding path loss is: As a consequence of the assumption that dht,hr, the angel Δ? is small, and λcancels out of the equation, leaving it to be essentially frequency independent It shows an inverse fourth-power law, rather than the inverse-square law of free-space propagation. This points to a far more rapid attenuation of the power received. It shows the effect of the transmit and receive antenna heights on propagation losses. The dependence on antenna height makes intuitive sense. And the corresponding path loss is: Critical distance Define Critical distance If ddc, then signal power falls off with d-4. If ddc, then signal power falls off with d-2. An approximation for dc can be obtained by setting Critical distance The critical distance can be used for system design. For example, if propagation in a cellular system obeys the two-ray model then the critical distance would be a natural size for the cell radius, since the path loss associated with interference outside the cell would be much larger than path loss for desired signals inside the cell. Critical distance f = 900MHz ht = 50m hr = 2m Gt = 1 Gr = 1 transmit power normalized ht hr 2、Time dispersion 3、Impairments of the Wireless Channel 1、Four Basic Propagation Mechanism Fading Large-s