chapter 3 phonetics语言学.ppt

Phonetics Chapter Three Contents I. Definition of Phonetics; II. International Phonetic Alphabet; III. Branches of Phonetics; IV. Articulatory Phonetics. I. Definition of Phonetics Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings. II. International Phonetic Alphabet 2.1 What is it?; 2.2 Why do we use it?; 2.3 How do we use it?. 2.1 What is it? International Phonetic Alphabet (shortened as IPA) is the phonetic alphabet designed by the International Phonetic Association (also shortened as IPA) in 1888 to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages. 2.2 Why do we use it? The first reason is that there is usually a discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of many languages; The second reason is that we need an orthography as far as linguistic study is concerned. 2.3 How do we use it? Broad Phonetic Transcription: ~ is that which only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning without providing any details, e.g. [pen]; Diacritics （变音符） ~~~ are the additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length, tone, stress, nasalization, etc. Examples are [i:], [ě], [ù], and [?], etc. III. Branches of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics Auditory Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics（发音语音学）: ~ is the study of the way in which speech sounds are made by the vocal organs; from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学）: ~ is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted between mouth and ear; from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. Auditory Phonetics（听觉语音学）: ~ is the study of the perceptual response to speech sounds as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain； from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived IV. Articulatory Phonetics 4.1 Articulatory Organs; 4.