Greek History.pptVIP

During the conquest, Alexander gave his name to around seventy cities he captured, eg: from the first and most famous Alexandria in Egypt to the farthest Alexandria, Eschata (Kojand) in Afghanistan, these cities served as centers for the spreading of Greek culture. With the emigration of Greeks to the conquered cities, the Greek language was widely used,especially among the ruling class, and Greek gods were worshipped together with local gods. Western Cultures 课程评估采用阶段性评估方式， 总成绩 为100 分，有以下两部分组成：1）平时成绩：40分（出勤10分+presentation 30分）旷课2次以上或请假四次以上即可取消考试资格。旷课和请假适当扣分。根据课堂上学生针对教师提问的表现及学习态度等，给予每个学生课堂表现成绩。2）期末闭卷考试：60分 参考书目： 彭家海：《西方文化引论》。华中师范大学出版社 西语中“文化”一词多源于拉丁语的“cultra”，原义为对土地的耕耘和改良，植物的栽培，如英语、法语的“culture”和德语的“Kultur”。这一含义在少数现代英语词中仍保留着，如“agriculture”(农业)、“horticulture”(园艺)。 古罗马著名雄辩家西赛罗(Cicero)在使用“文化”一词时却已赋予它比喻的意义，他采用了“耕耘智慧”(Cultura mentis)的说法。而类似用法16世纪初才在英语中出现，意指为增进某种东西的质量所作的审慎努力，如“工艺的改进(The culture of the arts)”，以后又出现了“精神耕耘(mental culture)”及“智力耕耘(intellectual Culture)”等用法。 在法国1690年版的法语《通用词典》中，对Culture的阐释是“人类为使土地肥沃、种植树木和栽培植物所采取的耕耘和改良措施”。到18世纪，一些法国学者如伏尔泰、沃弗纳格等开始比较完全的意义上使用文化一词，用以指训练和修炼心智或思想、趣味的结果和状态。很快这个词被用来形容一位受过教育的人的实际成就——良好的风度，文学、艺术和科学，所有这些都可被称作“文化”。在1878年利特雷编纂的《法语词典》中，“文化”已解释为“文学、科学和美术的修养”，并提到了它作为“培养”和“教育”的同义词的用法 Culture is the total way of life that a group of people shares. Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through th