篇章模式.pptVIP

语篇模式 语篇的定义及特征 语篇，又称篇章，也就是英文的text与discourse. 一般而言，语篇是指一段有意义、传达一个完整信息、逻辑连贯、语言衔接、具有一定交际目的和功能的语言单位或交际事件，既可以是一个单词（wait,stop)、一组句子、一段诗歌，也可以是一篇文章甚至一部小说。 语篇分析及其意义 据胡壮麟(1994)，语篇分析就是立足于整个篇章，重视分析篇章的建构和解读，通过还原作者组织语言表达思想内容的原始过程来实现理解的目的。 具体来说，语篇分析包括语境分析、宏观结构分析、语篇的衔接与连贯和信息结构分析。 宏观结构分析及其意义 Van Dijk（1980）：宏观结构与知识的组织有关，任何语篇处理如果不考虑信息的宏观结构及其过程都是不合理的。 作为一个读者，在理解一个语篇时，并不是单纯地只依靠理解语句来实现其阅读的目的，尤其是在阅读一些行文跳跃，文字晦涩的作品时，更要立足于整个篇章，以其宏观结构为导线来解读。更何况，语篇的宏观结构也具有明确的语言表现(linguistic manifestation). 常见的语篇模式 概括--具体模式(general-specific) 也称一般—特殊模式(general-particular) 或预览—细节模式(preview-detailed) 问题—解决模式(problem-solution) [含提问—回答模式（question-answer pattern)] 主张—反主张模式(claim-counterclaim) 叙述模式(narrative) 概括--具体模式图示 概括陈述：Para 1 complaint of the work →heavy work+ poor pay+ terrible working conditions 具体陈述1: Para 2 huge demands made by the job on my strength→ long hours+ heavy boxes+ great amount of work 具体陈述2: poor pay→the lowest pay+ extra work with still little money 具体陈述3: Para 3 the terrible working conditions→ little rest+ laboring in low temperatures+ cleaning alone 概括陈述: repetition of the top sentence in Para 1 in similar language. 概括陈述: But how you can say it can be quite tricky (topic sentence) 具体陈述1 I’m sorry I got angry with you but…You shouldn’t have expected an apology for my injuring you. 具体陈述2 (another) I’m sorry you are upset. You shouldn’t have been upset by what the other has done. 具体陈述3: (then) I’m useless as a parent. It avoids recognizing a specific particularly hurtful act. 概括陈述: evaluation of the tricky / false / covering apologies Which would be the title of the passage? A. Make sure that you don’t make false apologies. B. How you should teach your children to say sorry. C. You should provide your children with necessary aid in making real apologies. D. Many parents seem to apologize