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论文考试 术语、开头结尾写作技巧
Introduction
第一层:1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……………………
2) Reviewing previous research in this area…………………………
第二层:Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question ……
第三层:Specifying the purpose of your research……………………………
第四层:
1) Announcing your major findings…………………………………
2) Outlining the contents of your paper ………………………………
Conclusion:
Restating the Thesis Statement
Offering a Solution
Providing Evaluations
Looking to the Future
To sum up, a conclusion is more than a summary.
Abstract:
A.?a general introduction to some background information ( B );
B.?purpose and the principle activity (a specific problem) ( P );
C.?the main information about the methodology used ( M );
D.?the most important results of the study ( R );
E.?a statement about your conclusion or the kind of closing recommendation(s) you make ( C )
1. purpose and method of the study; 2. results; 3. conclusions and recommendations if there are any.
In-text Citations夹注
某些引文或所依据的文献无须详细注释者,以夹注的形式随文在括号内注明。
1) 来自专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:?格式:出版年份:页码
例: ?Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process”(1986: 241).
2) 来自专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中没有出现: 格式:作者姓名,出版年份:页码
?例: The underlying assumption is that language “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways”(Kramsch, 1968: 3).
3) 来自某篇文章的直接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:格式:发表年份 (无须页码)
?例:Ernst Rose submits, “The highly spiritual view of the …alike” (1974).
?4) 来自某篇文章的直接引语,作者姓名在文中没有出现:
?格式:作者姓名(英文只注姓)、出版年份(无须页码)
?例:“Everything rests on the notion that there is such a thing as ?‘just’ words – but there isn’t” (Bateson 1972)
?5 ) 来自专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:格式:出版年份:引文页码
?例:According to Alun Rees (1986:234), the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation.
?6 ) 来自专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中没有提到:
格式:作者姓名 出版年份:引文页码
?例:It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary imp
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