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地理信息系统在资源环境研究中的应用 宋现锋 中国科学院研究生院资源与环境学院 Phone: 010-8825-6462 Email: xfsong@ VI 基于栅格GIS的非点源污染评估 1 非点源污染介绍 2 农业面污染的简单GIS评估方法 3 基于物理过程的面污染GIS评估 以氮素为例 1 非点源污染介绍 1.1 基本概念 非点源污染 (from EPA) Non-Point Pollution is caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even our underground sources of drinking water. These pollutants include: Excess fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands and residential areas; Oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy production; Sediment from improperly managed construction sites, crop and forest lands, and eroding streambanks; Salt from irrigation practices and acid drainage from abandoned mines; Bacteria and nutrients from livestock, pet wastes, and faulty septicsystems. ‘ 1.2 非点源污染类型 Non-Point Pollution Categories 1) Acid Mine Drainage Mine drainage is metal-rich water formed from chemical reaction between water and rocks containing sulfur-bearing minerals. The runoff formed is usually acidic and frequently comes from areas where ore or coal mining activities have exposed rocks containing pyrite, a sulfur bearing mineral. Metal-rich drainage can also occur in mineralized areas that have not been mined. 2) Agriculture Nutrient Pesticide Confined Animal Facilities Erosion and Sediment Irrigation Livestock Grazing 3) Forest Forest harvests Erosion and Sediment Open Space and Bare ground Trees dragged over the ground loosen the soil. Gas and oil spilling Forest harvesting equipment like haul trucks and tractors Pesticides and fertilizers 4) Roads, Highways, and Bridges Sediment 路/桥建设 Oil and Grease 燃油与润滑油 Heavy Metals 重金属 (车辆磨损：铁锈、车胎、引擎、刹车) Debris 堆积物 (隔离带绿化、枯枝落叶、宠物粪便) Road Salts 溶雪盐 5) Marinas/Boating 小游艇基地污染 水上船艇 6) Urban Areas Sediments 地表径流量/速度对河岸的侵蚀 Pathogens 病原体 Fertilizers/nutrients 绿化带/公园