第二讲政治模型：为思考公共政策提供帮助技术方案.ppt

Second Third First There is a large, nearly universal, latent group in American society that supports the constitutional system and prevailing rules of the game. Overlapping group membership helps to maintain the equilibrium by preventing any one group from moving too far from prevailing values. The checking and balancing resulting from group competition also helps to maintain equilibrium in the system. The whole interest group system—the political system itself—is held together in equilibrium by several forces. 2 3 1 第一种力量是美国社会中存在的一个巨大的、几乎全民性 的潜在团体， 它维护着整个宪政体制和占主导地位的游戏规则。 第二种力量是团体间成员资格的互相重叠，这将使任何孤立 的团体都不会偏离社会的基础价值观，从而维持整个系统的平衡。 第三种力量是团体竞争形成的制约， 它也助于维持这个体系的均衡。 整个利益团体系统（政治系统本身） 由几种力量维持着均衡 Thomas Dye and Harmon Zeigler. The Irony of Democracy, 12th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,2003). 公共政策还可以被视为统治精英的价值偏好。 托马斯·戴伊；哈蒙·齐格勒：《民主的嘲讽》，2003. Public Policy may also be viewed as the preferences and values of a governing elite. 2.7 Elite Theory: Policy as Elite Preference精英理论：政策是精英的价值偏好 Figure 2-5 The Elite ModelThe elite model implies that public policy does not flow upward from demands by the people, but rather downward from the interests, values, and preferences of elite. 1 Society is divided into the few who have power and the many who do not. 2 The few who govern are not typical of the masses who are governed. 3 The movement of nonelites to elite positions must be slow and continuous to maintain stability and avoid revolution. Elite Theory can be summarized briefly as follows: 4 Elite share consensus in behalf of the basic values of the social system and the preservation of the system. 5 Public policy does not reflect the demands of masses but rather the prevailing values of the elite. 6 Active elites are subject to relatively little direct influence from apathetic masses. Elite Theory can be summarized briefly as follows: 1 社会被分成掌握权力的少数人和没有权力的多数人。 2 这些居于统治地位的精英并不是处于被统治地位的大众的代表。 3 从被统治的非精英阶层上升到处于统治地位的精英阶层的过程是缓慢的、持续的，从而