元露丰UrbanAirQualityManagementApplicationsofMarket学习课件.pptVIP

Urban Air Quality Management: Applications of Market-based Instruments城市空气质量管理：经济政策的分析和应用 Jian Xie The World Bank Better Air Quality in Asian and Pacific Rim Cities December 2002 Market failure – the free market does not lead to optimal allocation of resources and produce optimal welfare. 市场机制不能导致资源的有效配置，无法实现社会最优。 Main causes 市场失灵的主要原因： Externalities (pollution) 外部性 Lack of ownership 产权不明、无市场 Insufficient information 信息不对称 Monopoly 垄断 Therefore, policy interventions are necessary 因此，需要政府的政策干预。 Policy Failure 政策失灵 Many government policies that aim to correct market failure and increase w