2012语言学作业.docVIP

语言学本周作业：说说词根，词干，词基，词素和词缀这5个概念的相同点和不同点，并举例说明。 Root. StemMorpheme Affix词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素，它又可以分为屈折词缀 （inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ）。 词的构成 （word-formation）词根、词干和词基是语言学上一个词删去所有的词缀后剩下的那部分。词根是一个词主要意义的承载部分，是不可以再分的；词干是能添加屈折词汇的词素，即一个词被除去屈折词缀所剩下的部分；词基是所有能添加屈折词缀的词素。例如： Nationalities 词根 nation 词基：nation 是 national的词基 national 是 nationlity的词基 词干：nationality 词素是词的组成成分，是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体。词干是指所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分，是去掉最外围的词缀剩下的东西。如对于uninteresting而言，un-是词缀，interesting是词干，interest是词根。而对于interesting而言，-ing是词缀，interst是词干，也是词根。A ROOT is the basic form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of word left when all the affixes are removed. In the word internationalism, after the removal of inter-,-al and -ism, what is left is the root nation. All words contain a root morpheme. An AFFIX is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix, depending on their position reference to the root or stem of the word. A root may be or bound, but an affix is naturally bound. Free root morphemes are those that can stand by themselves and are the base forms of words, such as black in black , blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith. Morphemes of this type are potentially unlimited in number in a language. However, there are relatively few bound root morphemes in English, such as -ceive in receive, perceive, and conceive; mit in remit, permit, commit, and submit;-tain in retain, contain, and maintain;-cur in incur, recur, and occur, etc. A few English roots may have both free and bound variants