清华大学生物化学课件 氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化2.pptx

Chapter 19 Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylationGeneration of ATP by using a across-membrane proton gradient, which is generated from electron flow through a chain of carriersPhotosynthesis(光合作用) The chemical process by which green plants and other phototrophs synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight. light CO2 + H2O（CH2O） + O219. Photosynthetic organisms generate ATP (and NADPH) via photophosphorylationThe molecular mechanism of photophosphorylation is remarkably similar to that of oxidative phosphorylation: also mediated via a across-membrane proton gradient generated using energy released from stepwise electron flow through a series of electron carriers, located on the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts or plasma membrane of bacteria.Schematic diagram of a chloroplastElectron micrograph of a chloroplastSolar energy as the ultimate source of all biological energyThe electron donor in photophosphorylation, H2O, is first charged by using light energy to provide electrons of high potential energy.The excess energy-rich ATP and NADPH generated by photophosphorylation are further stored in stable energy-rich carbohydrates through the carbon-assimilation (fixation) reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts.Two processes of photosynthesis1. Light-dependent reactions or light reactions Produces energy from solar power in the form of ATP and NADPH.2. Light-independent reactions or carbon-assimilation reactions Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make carbohydrates.Both ATP and NADPH are generated by the light reactions of photosynthesisThylakoidStroma 20. It took a long time for human beings to understand the chemical process of photosynthesisO2 is produced by plants (1780).Light is needed for plants to produce O2 (1786).CO2 is taken up by plants (1790s).H2O is taken up during CO2 fixation because the sum of weights of organic matter and O2 is much more than the weight of CO2 consum