第四部ELECTRICITY,MAGNETISMELECTRONICS(電學、磁學.docVIP

SECTION E : Electricity, Magnetism Electronics (電學、磁學及電子學) Chapter 21: Electrostatics 靜電學 21.1 Electric Charges 電荷 There are 2 kinds of electric charges 有2種電荷: 1. 2. Forces between charges電荷間的作用力Where charges come from 電荷是怎樣得來的 Normally, atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons. They cancel each other out. 原子由相同數目的質子和電子組成，因此電荷互相抵消。 When a material is rubbed, electrons are transferred to other substance. Then the material is positively charged and the other substance is negatively charged. 當物件摩擦時，電子轉移，所以帶正電，另一物帶負電. Quantity of electricity電量 Unit： It equals to the charge of 等於 electrons粒電子. Insulators絕緣體 conductors導體 insulated conductors 絕緣導體 Insulators絕緣體：Materials which do not allow electron to flow through them easily, such as . 不讓流過電子, 例如 Conductors導體：讓流過電子流過的 which do allow, 例如 such as . Insulated conductors 絕緣導體: A conductor which surrounded by insulator.被絕體所隔絕的導 21.2 Methods of Charging 起電的方法 Charging by friction摩擦 Charging by an EHT supply超高壓電源 van de Graaff generator范德格拉夫起電機 It produces a large and continuous supply of electric charges. 能提供大量的電荷Charge sharing and earthing電荷分配和接地Charging by induction感應起電 1. Two insulated metal sphere兩個絕緣支架上的金屬球2. Charging a metal sphere 一個絕緣支架上的金屬球21.3 Electric field電場 Electric field is represented by a series of lines called field lines電力線 representing the direction of force experienced by a positive charge inside the region 電場由電力線顯示區域內正電荷受力的方向.Electric field patterns電場圖形+-++Distribution if charges on conductor 導電體上的電荷分佈 Charge strays on the outside surface of a conductor and accumulates where the surface is sharp 電荷分佈在導電體的外面而且集中在尖端位置。Point action 尖端作用 Too many charge concentrate at a sharp point may ionize the air and produced electric wind. 太多電荷集中在尖角時，會令空氣電離，產生電風。21.4 Hazards and Applications Electrostatic hazards靜電危險 Electric charges produced by friction on petrol t