Foundrmentals of circuits chapter7.ppt

Fundamentals of Electric Circuit 2007.9 Chapter 7 First-Order Circuits Chapter 7 First-Order Circuits 7.0 introduction 7.1 The Source-Free RC Circuit 7.2 The Source-Free RL Circuit 7.3 Unit-Step Function 7.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit 7.5 The Step-Response of a RL Circuit 7.0 introduction In this chapter, we will focus on circuits that consist only of sources, resistors, and either (but not both) inductors or capacitors. We call them as RC (resistor-capacitor) circuits and RL (resistor-inductor) . Networks of this form find use in electronic amplifiers, automatic control systems, operational amplifiers, communications equipment, and many other applications. 7.1 The Source-Free RC Circuit A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order differential equation. The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior (in terms of voltages and currents) of the circuit itself, with no external sources of excitation. Example 1 Refer to the circuit below, determine vC, vx, and io for t ≥ 0. Assume that vC(0) = 30 V. Example 2 The switch in circuit below is opened at t = 0, find v(t) for t ≥ 0. Practice problem 7.2 The Source-Free RL Circuit A first-order RL circuit consists of a inductor L (or its equivalent) and a resistor (or its equivalent) The key to working with a source-free RL circuit is finding: Example 3 Find i and vx in the circuit. Assume that i(0) = 5 A. Example 4 For the circuit, find i(t) for t 0. 7.3 Unit-Step Function The unit step function u(t) is 0 for negative values of t and 1 for positive values of t. Voltage source. 7.4 The Step-Response of a RC Circuit The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the excitation is the step function, which may be a voltage or a current source. Integrating both sides and considering the initial conditions, the solution of the equation is: Three steps to find out the step response of an RC circuit: Example 5 Find v(t) for t 0 in the circuit in below.