第18章 碳水化合物幻灯片.pptVIP

碳水化合物 糖的分类 糖的来源 单糖的结构与名称(1) 单糖的结构与名称(2) 单糖的结构与名称(3) 单糖的结构与名称(4-1) 单糖的结构与名称(4-2) 单糖的结构与名称(5) 缩醛与半缩醛 葡萄糖的开链和氧环式结构 葡萄糖的开链结构和性质 葡萄糖的氧环式结构和性质－变旋（光现象） 果糖的开链和氧环式结构 吡喃糖与呋喃糖 环己烷的构象 直立键(a键)与平伏键(e键) 吡喃葡萄糖的构象 单糖的反应－生成糖苷 单糖的反应－被硝酸氧化 单糖的反应－被溴水氧化 费林试剂、托伦斯试剂和本尼迪特试剂 单糖的反应－和托伦斯试剂的作用 单糖的反应－和费林(本尼迪特)试剂的作用 单糖的反应－被高碘酸氧化 单糖的反应－催化加氢 单糖的反应－被硼氢化钠还原 单糖的反应－生成脎 单糖的反应－生成醚 单糖的反应－生成酯 二糖－蔗糖(Sucrose) 蔗糖的水解 Sucrose—John McMurry 二糖－麦芽糖(Maltose) 二糖－纤维二糖(Cellobiose) 多糖－直链淀粉(Amylose) 多糖－支链淀粉(Amylopectin) Starch—John McMurry 多糖－糖原(Glycogen) 多糖－纤维素(Cellulose) 脱氧糖(Deoxy Sugar) 氨基糖(Amino sugar) Sweetness(1)—John McMurry Sweetness(2)—John McMurry Sweetness(3)—John McMurry D-葡萄糖 [?]D=+52.6o D-果糖[?]D= –92o 蔗糖[?]D=+66.5o(转化糖) C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 C6H12O6 + H+ 转化反应 (1:1混合物[?]D= –22o) Sucrose, or ordinary table sugar, is probably the most abundant pure organic chemical in the world. Whether from sugar cane (20% by weight) or from sugar beets (15% by weight), and whether raw or refined, all table sugar is sucrsoe. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry John McMurry Sucrose is a disaccharide that yields 1 equivalent of glucose and 1 equivalent of fructose on hydrolysis. This 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose is often referred to as invert sugar because the sign of optical rotation changes (inverts) during the hydrolysis from sucrose, [?]D=+66.5o, to a glucose/fructose mixture, [?]D=?22o. Insects such as honeybees have enzymes called invertases that catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose + fructose. Honey, in fact, is primarily a mixture of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry John McMurry 4-O-(?-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-?-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 C12H22O11 还原糖 有变旋光现象 能生成脎 分子中有苷羟基 苷羟基 还原糖 有变旋光现象 能生成脎 分子中有苷羟基 4-O-(?-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-?-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 苷羟基 1,4-O-(?-D-glucopyranoside)polymer 直链淀粉约占淀粉总含量的20％ 1,4-苷键 1,4-苷键 1 4 支链淀粉约占淀粉总含量的80％。平均每25个葡萄糖基就有一个支链 ?-1,4-苷键 ?-1,6-苷键 Nature uses starch as the medium by which plants store energy for later use; potatoes, corn, and cereal grains all contain large amounts of starch. W