软件工程(中英对照课件)第十一章讲义.ppt

chapter 11 Lehman’s system types系统类型 Software system are evolutionary.软件系统是演化的 A customer makes a decision to do something a different way.顾客以不同的方式做某件事 The nature of the system itself changes.系统自身的属性发生了改变 Types of Systems, in terms of the way it is related to the environment in which it operates系统类型，用系统和系统运行的环境来描述 S-systems P-systems E-systems S-systems Formally defined, derivable from a specification形式化定义、源自说明描述 Static system, no change required静态系统，无改变需要 Examples: mathematical operations P-systems The system is based on a practical abstraction of the problem rather then on a completely defined specification系统基于问题的一个可行的抽象，而不是一个完全定义好的说明 Abstraction and solution may change抽象与解决方案可能变化 Examples: pattern recognition systems模式识别系统 E-systems Embedded in the real world and changes as the world does嵌入真实世界中并随着真实世界的改变而改变 The problem cannot be specified completely问题不能被完全说明 The success depends on the customer evaluation成功取决于客户评价 Examples: banking systems, ERP systems Development Time vs. Maintenance Time Typical development project takes between 1 and 2 years, but ...... requires an additional 5 to 6 years of maintenance time! 80-20 Rule Twenty percent of the effort is in development and eighty percent is in maintenance. System evolution vs. decline系统演化和系统衰退的比较 Is the cost of maintenance too high维护的成本太高吗? Is the system reliability unacceptable系统的可靠性可以接受吗? Can the system no longer adapt to further change, and within a reasonable amount of time在一个合理的时间内，系统不能再适应进一步的变化了吗? Is system performance still beyond prescribed constraints系统性能仍旧超出预先规定的约束条件吗? Are system functions of limited usefulness系统功能的作用有限吗? Can other systems do the same job better, faster or cheaper其他的系统能更好、更快、更廉价地做同样的工作? Is the cost of maintaining the hardware great enough to justify replacing it with cheaper, newer hardware维护硬件的成本高得足以用更便宜、更新的硬件来取代吗? Laws of software evolution软件演化法则 Continuing change连续的变化: leads to less utility导致无用 Increasing complexity递增的复杂性: structure deteriorates使结构恶化 Fundamental law of program evo