糖代谢01.ppt

2.2.8 糖酵解中的能量利用率 纯有机化学反应由葡萄糖生产乳酸： ?G0’ = -196.56 kJ/mol 胞内生化反应由葡萄糖生产乳酸： ?G0’ = -135.6 kJ/mol 差值用于ATP的合成：61 kJ/mol 则能量利用率为： 同理酵母转化葡萄糖为乙醇时的能量利用率： 注意： 以上能量利用率的计算是按照标准条件下的物质浓度计算的，而在生物细胞中，生化反应中间产物的浓度远远达不到标准状况，根据胞内物质的能量计算，产生1个ATP所固定的能量约为50.2－54.4 kJ/mol，则能量转换率为50％或更高。 4. Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate is Cleaved (lysed) in the Middle ?G0’ = +23.8 kJ/mol 4 1 3 5. Triose phosphate Interconvert 6. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is Oxidized ?G0’ = - 43.1 kJ/mol ?G0’ = 49.4 kJ/mol ~ 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶（GAPDH）能够利用砷酸代替磷酸参加反应，生成3-p-甘油酰砷酸，这是一个高度不稳定的化合物， 在水溶液中，可立刻自发地分解为3-p-甘油酸和砷酸。因此，砷酸不抑制糖酵解的继续进行，但它不能产生高能磷酸健。所以，砷酸是糖酵解中基质水平磷酸化的解偶联剂。 7. The anhydride phosphate in 1,3-BPG is used to generate ATP ~ 8. Phosphate reversibly shifts between C2 and C3 on glycerate Catalyzed by phosphoglycerate mutase, generating 2-phosphoglycerate; Mutase belongs to the isomerase family. 2,3-BPG is Involved in Phosphoglycerate Mutase Action 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate initially phosphorylate the enzyme; It is also an intermediate for 3-PG to be converted to 2-PG; A phosphorylation cycle exists. 9. The Phosphoryl Group Transfer Potential is Markedly Elevated by Dehydration Catalyzed by enolase, generating phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP); An enolphosphate has high phosphoryl group transfer potential. Enolase can be inhibited by F― strongly.(Mg++) 10. The Phosphate Group on PEP is Transferred to ADP 2.2.4 Fate of pyruvate ?G0’ = -10.46 kJ/mol ?G0’ = -25.1 kJ/mol Pyruvate is the final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation Pyruvate reduced and NAD+ regenerated; Catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase; This happens in animal tissues when O2 is limited; This also happens in many microorganisms (e.g., lactobacilli). Acetaldehyde is the final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation Pyruvate decarboxylase (present only in those alcohol fermentative organisms) and alcohol dehydrogenase (present in many organisms including human) catalyzes the two-step reactions. 2.2.5 Overal balance of glycolysis 碳原子途径（碳骨架的去向）: 6C(葡萄糖) 2Py