第五节 动力传递与流动阻力导论课件.pptVIP

* * 1.5 流体流动的阻力 (Resistance of Fluid Flow) 1.5.1 流动阻力与能量损失的概念 (Concept of flow resistance and Energy Loss) 1.5.1.1 动量传递与流动阻力产生的机理 (mechanism of momentum transfer and flow resistance) 【动量传递机理】流体分子或质点之间的动量传递引起内摩擦。不同流型的动量传递机理不同。 层流：分子之间的动量传递 (molecular momentum transfer) 湍流：质点之间的动量传递 (momentum transfer of mass points) 层流中的分子动量传递引起的内摩擦力遵循牛顿黏性定律： Internal friction causes by eddy transfer （涡流传递）: momentum flux (动量通量 ) the overall internal friction in turbulent flow investigating the dimensions of various physical quantities in the equation above （动量浓度） 所以 （动量浓度梯度） 在涡流动量通量里 动量通量=动量扩散系数×动量浓度梯度 ε称为涡流黏度，是湍动程度和管路形状、位置等的函数。 【流动阻力产生的机理】流动阻力产生的原因在于： 流体具有黏性，流动时存在内摩擦现象，这是流动阻力产生的根本原因（内因）； 流体与其相接触的固体壁面之间的作用，促使流体内部发生相对运动，提供阻力产生的条件（外因）。 因而，流动阻力产生的大小与流体的性质、流动类型、流过距离、壁面形状等有关。 【 Velocity Distribution in Pipe (流体在圆管内的速度分布 )】 Whether layer flow or turbulent flow, the velocity of fluid mass ponit flowing in a pipe changes with distance between the mass point and the pipe centerline — velocity distribution (速度分布). Generally, the velocity of mass ponit at pipe wall is deemed to be zero. The nearer the mass point to the pipe centerline, the faster it moves. For Layer Flow The distribution of velocity is parabolic in the radial direction. The velocity has the largest value at the pipe center. Mean velocity is half the maximum velocity , that For Turbulent Flow mass points vigorously mix and collide each other, which allow velocity distribution to become uniform The greater the value of Re , the flatter the curve top. Owing to the vigorous mixing and collision between mass ponits, the flow resistance in turbulent flow is much larger than that in layer flow. The velocity near the wall drops suddenly. 1.5.1.2 管内流动阻力的分类 直管阻力: resistance loss caused by internal friction when fluid flows through a straight pipe, denoted by hf . go with the whole flow process, also called on-way resistance total resistance Sometimes, the resistance