物理冶金第10章 相.pptVIP

* Chapter 10. Phases ? Definition of phase: a macroscopically homogeneous body of matter. ? Typical phases for a one-component system: Solid-liquid-gas ? Certain metals are polymorphic = several phases in solid form; e.g. Fe (?, ?, ?) ? In solid (especially alloy), the phase is loosely defined; the phase could have a composition that varies with position. ? Alloys are formed by mixing different components into a system. ? Alloys in gaseous form are, in general, uniform solution Alloys in liquid form have the variation of miscibility. Alloys in solid form (solid solutions) have a lot of variations. ? A system of several phases: continuous or matrix phase and discontinuous or dispersed phase. ? Thermodynamics of solutions: ? Free energy is a thermodynamic property that depends on the system. * one component system in a given phase: if two of the thermodynamic properties (P, T, V, H, S, G) are known = the system is known?. * Solid solutions (alloys)have additional degrees of freedom compared with pure substances = more variables is required to define the state of a solution = T, P, composition (contain variables one less than the number of components in the system). e.g. three component system NA, NB, and NC are the mole fractions of A, B, and C elements (with nA, nB, and nC number of moles respectively). ? Most metallurgical process occur at constant T and P = any state properties could be considered as a function of composition. E.g. G(nA, nB, nC), the changes of the free energy constrain = 2 independent mole fractions in a ternary system ? Take a system from null and put atoms into the system in a proportional manner Partial molar free energy or chemical potential , the free energy of the system will increase related to the partial molar free energy for a system with i components ? Equilibrium bet