第2章数据的机器级表示..pptVIP

扩展操作举例 Alignment(对齐) 举例 例如，考虑下列两个结构声明： struct S1 { int i； char c； int j； }； Exponent is usually represented with excess notation. Anyone knows why? Considering the addition operation for two scientific notation numbers, 3.12x103 , 4.28x10-2, before adding the fractions, we must adjust the exponents to make them the same. We always convert the smaller one. Here 4.28x10-2 should be convert to 0.0000428x103 . So we want to know which is larger and which is smaller. Inside the computer, we compare two numbers by seeing the digits from left to right. If we express the exponent using two’s complement form, the negative numbers will seem to be larger than positive numbers. For example(suppose N=4): –2=11102, +3=00112. If we use biased exponent which add certain excess(here say 8=10002), we will have: –2=01102, +3=10112 It is obvious that 1011 is larger than 0110. Before we move on to the floating-point representation, let’s review the familiar scientific notation. For example, we can use 6.02x1021 to represent 6,020,000,000,000,000,000,000. Here, the part before x is called mantissa, the base is 10, the power of ten is called exponent. What the exponent mean? Who knows that? Exponent is used for deciding the position of decimal point. When we change exponent,the decimal point can be floated. In this example, If we change the exponent to 31, it means the number of digits of real value will be 31+1=32,the number become longer and it’s value is more larger, but we need not increase the number of digits in exponent. It’s still 2 digits. In the scientific notation, a mantissa with no leading 0s and only one digit to left of decimal point is called to be normalized. It means an normalized number should have a nonzero leftmost digit. So, there is only one normalized form, whereas there are many unnormalized forms. For example, if we want to represent 1/1,000,000,000, the normalized form is 1.0x10-9 , whereas 0.1x10-8 and 10.0x10-10n are not normalized number. In t