11转换生成语法课件.pptVIP

Avram Noam CHOMSKKY’THEORY A. N. Chomsky’s Transformational-generative (TG) Grammar experienced the following four stages. The Classical Theory The Standard Theory The Extended Theory The Minimalist Program The Classical Theory In the classical theory, Chomsky’s aim is to make linguistics a science. This theory is characterized by three features: (1) emphasis on generative ability of language; (2) introduction of transformational rules; (3) grammar description regardless of meaning. This main idea can be found in Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures (1957) 该模式出现在《句法结构》(Chomsky 1957)一书中, 主要由短语结构规则( Phrase Structure Rules) 和转换规则(Transformation) 构成。短语结构规则生成(Generate) 句子的基础结构(Basic Structure) , 而转换规则把基础结构转化为不同的句式。例如, 把基础结构转换为被动结构。所以, 乔姆斯基理论又被称为“转换生成语法理论”。 The Standard Theory The standard theory is marked by Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Chomsky, 1965). In this book, Chomsky made a remarkable change by including a semantic component in his grammatical model. He says that a generative grammar should consist of three components: syntactic, phonological and semantic. The syntactic component can be called the base component, which consist of re-writing rules and the lexicon. It is the re-writing rules that generate the deep structure of the sentence, and the transformational rules, in turn, transform the deep structure into surface structure. The semantic component makes semantic interpretations on the deep structure, and the phonological component makes phonological on the surface structure. 《句法理论要略》(Chomsky 1965) 勾画了“标准理论”。这个模式区分出句子的“深层结构”(Deep Structure) 和“表层结构” ( Surface Structure) 。两个结构由转换规则加以连接。该模式还使用了两个重要概念, 即“语言能力”(Language Competence) 和“语言行动”(Language Performance) 。“语言能力”指人们头脑中关于母语的语法知识; “语言行为”指人们使用语言的具体情况(Chomsky 1965: 4) 。 The Extended Standard Theory In the extended standard theory, Chomsky revised his Standard Theory twice. The first revision is called the “Extended Standard Theory” (EST). The second revision is ca