英语(本科)《现代语言学》,复习大纲英语(本科)《现代语言学》,复习大纲.docVIP

Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论 1 什么是语言学 what is linguistics? 1.1 定义 definition Linguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language. 1.2 语言学的研究范畴 the scope of linguistics a. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。 b. The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of linguistics called phonetics. 语音学 How speech sounds are produced and classified. c. how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning. phonology 音位学/ 音系学 交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式 d. The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology. 形态学how morphemes are combined to form words. 这些符号通过排列组合而成构成语词，对于这种排列组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的另一个分支 如对形态学的研究。 e. The combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies, syntax. 句法学 how morphemes词素linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. applied linguistics 1.3 语言学研究中的一些基本概念 some important distinctions in linguistics. 1.3.1 规定性和描述性 prescriptive；约定俗成的；惯例的“correct” behaviour to tell people what they should say and what they should not say 如果某种研究的目的是在对所谓“正确的”行为制定一些规则——规定性的prescriptive 现代语言学通常是描述性的，与“语法”的语言研究是大相径庭的 1.3.2 共时性和历时性 不考虑历史演进的，限于一时的探求现象变化的，历时的文法家，文法学者members of a speech community. 语言，某一特定的语言社区中的所有成员所共有的那种抽象的语言系统； parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 言语，在语言实际应用中的具体体现。 语言——习惯和规则；言语——对这些习惯和规则的遵守和实际应用 言语不过是一些乱七八糟的语言材料，很难对此作系统的研究； 语言学家们的任务是从言语中把语言提取出来，发现指导语言实际应用的规则，并使之成为语言学研究的主题。 1.3.5 语言能力和语言运用 competence and performance 美国语言学家-乔姆斯基 （和语言，言语类似的概念） competence, the ideal user