陈香花7475A37(修正版).doc

CHAPTER 3 The Semiconductor in Equilibrium Masses of the electron and hole are not exactly equal,then the effective density of states functions gc(E)and gc(E) will not be exactly symmetrical about the midgap energy.The Fermi level for the intrinsic semiconductor will then shift slightly form the midgap energy in order to obtain equal electron and hole concentrations 3.1.2 The n0 and p0 Equations We have argued that the Fermi energy for an intrinsic semiconductor is near midgap.In deriving the equations for the thermal-equilibrium concentration of electrons n0 and the thermal- equilibrium concentration of hole p0,We will not be quite so restrictive. We will see later that,in particular situations,the Fermi energy can deviate form this midgap energy.We will assume initially,however,that the Fermi lever remains within the bandgap. The thermal-equilibrium of electrons can be found by integrating Equation(3.1)over the range of energies for the conduction-bandenergy,or （3.3）The lower limit of integration is EC,the minimun energy of the conduction band,and the upper limit of integration is ETop,the maximum energy of the conduction band However,since the Fermi energy probability function rapidly approaches zero with increasing energy as indicated in Figure3.1b,we can take the upper limit of integration to be infinity. We are assuming that the Fermi energy is within the forbidden-energy bandgap.For electrons in the conduction bang,we have E>EC.If(EC-EF)>>Kt,then(E-EF)>>Kt,so that the Feimi probability function reduces to the Boltzmann approximation,1which is (3.4) Applying the Boltzmann approximation to Equation(3.3),the thermal-equilibrium density of electrons in the conduction band is found from (3.5) The integral of Equation(3.5),may be solved more easily by making a change of variable.If we let (3.6) 1 The Maxwell-Boltzmann and Fermi-Dirac distribution functions are within 5