MankiwEconomicsChap10中山大学吴柏林教授“曼昆·经济学原理”绝密资料.ppt

Command-and-Control Policies Usually take the form of regulations: Forbid certain behaviors. Require certain behaviors. Examples: Requirements that all students be immunized. Stipulations on pollution emission levels set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Market-Based Policies Government uses taxes and subsidies to align private incentives with social efficiency. Pigovian taxes are taxes enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Examples of Regulation versus Pigovian tax If the EPA decides it wants to reduce the amount of pollution coming from a specific plant. The EPA could… tell the firm to reduce its pollution by a specific amount (i.e. regulation). levy a tax of a given amount for each unit of pollution the firm emits (i.e. Pigovian tax). Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Externalities Chapter 10 Copyright ? 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved.?? Requests for permission to make copies of any part of thework should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers,6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Market Efficiency - Market Failures Recall that: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market. But market failures can still happen. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Market Failures: Externalities When a market outcome affects parties other than the buyers and se