cs1101(计算机科学).docxVIP

Midterm reviewFirst generation of computer: vacuum tubesSecond generation: transistorsThird generation: integrated circuitsFourth generation: microprocessorMoores Law: the number of transistors on an integrated circuit for minimum component cost doubles every 24 months.( Now it is widely associated with the claim that computing power at fixed cost is doubling every 18 months ).Central processing unit = CPUThe components inside CPU:Control unit: the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computerArithmetic/logic unit: performs the mathematical and logical operationsRegisters: temporary high-speed storage area inside CPU that holds the address of the instructions, the fetched instructions, and the data being processedperipheral device: Input devices , Output devices , Storage devices , Communication devicesSystem unit（機箱） : the case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process datamachine cycle: (fetch-decode-execute-store)fetch program instructions stored in the main memorydecode(解碼)what the instruction means and directs the necessary data to be moved from the memoryperform the actual operation(execute) on the datastore the result of the operation back to the memoryRAM = primary storage = main memory (volatile)Access time: Measured in nanoseconds (ns), Also measured in MHz.hard-disk access is measured in milliseconds (ms).ROM (nonvolatile) contains the computer’s startup routine(contains the BIOS).Bus width is number of bits transmitted at one time.Front side bus: connect CPU with memory.Back side bus: connect CPU with cache.Expansion buses: connect expansion slots to CPU and memory.The amount of detail that the camera can capture is called the resolution, and it is measured in pixels.Monitor Measurements：Screen size，Resolution，Dot pitch ( or pixel pitch)------------------------------------------------軟硬之間的分割線----------------------------------------------software: system software( including Utilit