第七章分散作用讲述.pptVIP

第八章分散作用(dispersion) 8.1分散体系的稳定性 8.2表面活性剂的分散作用 8.3分散体的聚沉(coagulation)和絮凝(flocculation) 8.1分散体系的稳定性 (1)分散体系的类型 8.2表面活性剂的分散作用 (1)固体粉末分散于液体中的三个基本过程： a.分散介质应完全润湿固体粉末，液体取代固体表面空气； b.质点团粒脱聚、分散； c.防止分散质点再聚集。 8.3分散体的聚沉和絮凝 (1)中和或降低分散质点的界面电势 (2)桥联作用 高分子的桥联作用机理： 高分子表面活性剂分子中含有几个功能团时，能吸附在多个分散剂质点上，在浓度较稀的时候产生桥联作用，导致絮凝． the relation of surfactant chemical structure to dispersing properties * 分散一般是指把一种物质分散于另一种物质中以形成分散体系的过程。其中被分散的相叫分散相，另一相叫分散介质。 分散体系是热力学不稳定体系，其稳定性受时间、pH值、温度、添加剂等影响。 (2)分散体系稳定的DLVO理论 a.分散粒子之间存在着相互作用的排斥能和吸引能的平衡。 b.排斥能是由粒子周围同电性的双电层产生的，或者是由粒子－溶剂的相互作用产生的。 c.吸引能主要由van der Waals force产生。 d.吸引能总是为负值，在无穷远处趋近于零，随粒子之间的靠近而减小。 e.排斥能总是为正值，其值在无穷远处也趋近于零，随粒子之间距离的靠近逐渐增大。 f.排斥能受粒子大小、形状、相互间距离、表面电势、分散液介电常数、双电层有效厚度等因素影响。 VA: the potential energy of attraction VR: the potential energy of repulsion The potential energy of attraction in a vacuum for similar spherical particles of radius a whose centers are separated by a distance R is given by the expression (Hamaker, 1937) Where A is the Hamaker (van der Waals) constant and H is the nearest distance between the surfaces of the particles(=R-2a), when H is small (R/a5). The attractive potential energy is always negative because its value at infinity is zero and decreases as the particles approach each other. VR: the potential energy of repulsion VR depends on the size and shape of the dispersed particles, the distance between them, their surface potential Ψ0,dielectric constant εr of the dispersing liquid, and the effectiveness thickness of the electrical double layer 1/κ,where Where =the relative static permittivity or dielectric constant of the solution ( = the static permittivity of the solution and = the permittivity of a vaccum), R= the gas constant, T= the absolute temperature, F=the Faraday constant, the molar concentration of any ion in the solution phase. For two spherical particles of radius a, when a/(1/k)1,i.e., small particles and relatively thick electrical double-layer. When a/(