[管理学专业英语上考点.docVIP

Managers plan organize lead and control.管理者在其中实施计划，组织，领导和控制等职能。 The two basic types of systems are close and open.系统方法有两种基本类型：封闭的和开放的。 Von Bertalanffy described a system which consisted of connected parts joined to form a whole in which the coordinated and combined effect of the subsystems creates synergy.他认为系统是由相互联系的各部分所构成的整体；其中，相互协调和相互连接的分系统产生了协同效应、 The closed model generally deals with routine tasks,task specialization emphasis on the means and top down conflict management.封闭系统通常实际日常任务，任务专门化强调手段以及上下级间的冲突管理。 Contingency theory is a problem solving approach which considers all major factors in a situation before making a decision.权变理论是解决问题的一种方法，它在决策之前考虑特定情境中所有主要因素。 When look closely at companies that really drove team and teamwork in the 1980s,for instance,you find that many efforts produced mediocre results at beast because the efforts were no directed toward customer-defined issues,and employees lacked the knowledge and training to use data effectively.当你密切关注那些在20世纪80年代真正推行团队和团队工作的公司时，你就会发现很多努力最多只能产生一般水平的结果，因为这些努力没有针对顾客确定的问题，而且职工缺乏有效地利用数据的知识和培训。 A surge in the customers is # 1rhetoric also seldom led to recognizable improvements because the efforts were no driven by data or an understanding of processes;decisions were based on opinion or presumed knowledge;and improvements that were identified were never captured or preserved as methods that would reliably achieve the needed results.顾客第一，这一谜语的出现也很少能导致明显的改进，因为这些努力不是由数据或对过程的认识所驱动的；决策是根据某些意见或假象的知识做出的；而且那些被确认的改进从来没有作为可以可靠的实现所需要的结果的方法来被获取或保存。 The companies making the most progress focused on quality as defined by the customer,used and understood data,processes,and variation,and built cooperation rather than competition.取的最大进步的公司十分重视将质量看成是由顾客定义的，利用和理解数据，过程和变化，建立起合作而不是竞争。 I talked to several customers just this week who raved about how great our technical service people are.And I know that our lab tests on reliability show we lead all competitor`s products.I don`t get it.我和几个客户就在本周他们沉迷于有多么强大的技术服务的人。我知道,我们的实验室测试显示我们领先所有可