Word formation.doc

PAGE PAGE 6 装订线南京师范大学2014-2015学年第一学期 装订线 物理科学与技术学院 应用物理 专业 二 年级 英语词汇学 课程期末试卷（A） 班 级： （2）班 任课教师： 王海波 学 号： 姓 名： 范 雨 总分 Word-Formation [内容摘要] 任何语言的基本要素都是词汇，在语言发展初期，人们常用原生词即词根表达一些基本概念。随着社会经济的发展，人们便用之前有限的原生词按照一定的语言规律创造出了一些新词。本文将结合前人的研究结果总结归纳出几种最基本的构词法。 关键词：附加法，affixation；复合，compounding；缩写， abbreviation；转换，Conversion Before?talking?about?word?formation,?maybe?we?should?know?the?morphological?structure?of?English?words?first.?So?what?we?will?discuss?next?is?morphological?structure?of?English?words.?It?includes?morphemes,?morphs?and?allomorphs,? classifying?morphemes,?identifying?morphemes,?morphemes?and?word-formation.? 1.?morphemes? Traditionally,?words?are?usually?treated?as?the?basic?and?minimal?units?of?a?language?to?make?sentence,?which?are?combinations?of?words?according?to?syntactic?rules.?Structurally,?however,?a?word?is?not?the?smallest?unit?becausemany?words?can?be?separated?into?even?smaller?meaningful?units.?Theseminimal?meaningful?units?are?known?as?morphemes.?In?view?of?word-formation,?the?morpheme?is?seen?as?‘the?smallest?functioning?unit?in?the?composition?of?words’.?Syntactically,?however,?a?morpheme?is?the?minimal?form?of?grammatical?analysis.???Morphemes?are?abstract?units,?which?are?realized?in?speech?by?discrete?units?known?as?morphs.?They?are?actual?spoken,?minimal?carriers?of?meaning.??Morphemes?vary?in?function.?Accordingly,?we?can?classify?morphemes?into?several?general?categories:?? 1).Free?versus?Bound?Morphemes??morphemes?which?are?independent?of?other?morphemes?are?free.?These?morphemes?have?complete?meanings?in?themselves?and?can?be?used?as?free?grammatical?units?in?sentences.?Morphemes?which?cannot?occur?as?separate?words?are?bound.?They?are?so?named?because?they?are?bound?to?other?morphemes?to?form?words?or?to?perform?a?particular?grammatical?function.? 2).??Derivational?versus?Inflectional?Morphemes??morphemes?which?are?used?to?derive?new?wordsare?known?as?derivational?