chapterthreemorphology15年11月总结.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Introduction to morphology The origin of the word “morphology” -- It is derived from the Greek word morphe, meaning “form”. -- Morphology was originated in the 19th century. -- Morphology is concerned with the “form of words”. Morphology -- Definition Morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Key points: -- words -- internal structure e.g. repeat, reunite, reform… -- rules e.g. repeat *peatre Discussion Features of words Features: 1.Word is meaningful; 2. Word can be used independently; 3. Word is relatively stable and uninterruptible; But word is by no means the smallest meaningful unit. 3.2 Morphemes A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. Ex. Tourists: -tour (one minimal unit) -ist (meaning “person who does something”) -s (a third unit of grammatical function indicating plurality) Morphemes (语素/词素/形位) A morpheme is the most basic element of meaning. （最小的携带意义的语言单位） In many languages, what appear to be single forms actually turn out to contain a large number of ‘word-like’ elements. E.g. Nitakupenda (Swahili, a language in East Africa) Meaning: I will love you. (Ni·ta·penda·ku ) So we use ‘morphemes’ to describe the elements that form a linguistic message. Morpheme--the minimal unit of meaning Definition: Free bound morphemes the morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words are free morphemes . bound morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but are typically attached to another form. All affixes（词缀） in English are bound morphemes. 3.2.1 Free morphemes The morphemes that can stand alone as words are called free morphemes. A word must contain a free morpheme or a word itself is a free morpheme. Root The element contained in a word that can stand by itself is called a root. It cannot be further analyzed without the loss of its identity. talk, look, wor