海洋科学概论 名词解释.doc

Lithosphere(岩石圈) The surface layer is called the lithosphere, it is formed from the rigid layer of crust and the upper mantle, and is relatively strong and behaves rigidly. The tectonic plates(构造板块) are composed of lithosphere. 包括地壳和上地幔的顶层，这是一个不算很厚的板，由固态物质组成，刚性、有强度，大陆区有硅铝层、硅镁层及橄榄岩层，大洋区只有硅镁层和橄榄岩层。岩石圈的厚度不均，总的特征仍然是海洋下面最薄，高原区最厚。岩石圈也不是一个整块，而是由许多大小和形状不同的碎块拼接而成，称为板块（plates）。 Mid-ocean ridge and rise systems（洋中脊和隆起系统） (the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Mid-Indian Ridge, and the East Pacific Rise) A series of mountain ranges through the ocean basins, 65000km long, rise 2 to 3km above the adjacent sea floor and typically are between 1000 and 3000km wide.If the slopes of these mountain ranges are steep and the width of the ranges is narrow—ridge.If the slopes are gentler and their width is broad—rises. 大洋中脊又称中央海岭。是指贯穿世界四大洋、成因相同、特征相似的海底山脉系列。它全长65000km，顶部水深大都在2~3km，高出盆底l~3km，有的露出海面成为岛屿，宽数百至数千千米不等，面积占洋底面积的32.8％，是世界上规模最巨大的环球山系。 Ocean trenches(海沟) The narrow, steep-sided, 6000-11000m deep, that are most characteristic of the Pacific Ocean. Some of these trenches are located seaward of chains of volcanic islands. 是由于板块的俯冲作用而形成的深水(＞6km)狭长洼地，往往作为俯冲带的标志。海沟长数百至数千千米，宽数千米至数十千米，横剖面呈不对称的“v”形，一般是陆侧坡陡而洋侧坡缓。全球己识别的海沟20多条，绝大多数分布在太平洋周缘。 Transform fault(转换断层) Fault with horizontal displacement connecting the ends of an offset in a mid-ocean ridge. Some plates slide past each other along a transform fault.The opposite sides of a transform fault are two different plates that are moving in opposite directions. 洋脊被一系列横向断层所切断,这种截断大洋脊的断层不是一般的平移断层,而是由于自洋脊轴部向两侧扩张量不同所引起的一种特殊断层,即转换断层。转换断层两侧板块发生水平剪切滑动。转换断层相对的两边是两个相反方向移动的不同的板块。这个断层带是活动的，可能经常发生严重的浅源地震。同样的断层线也可能扩展到洋中脊之外，在那里断层两边的板块在相同的方向移动。 Divergent plate boundaries(离散板块边界) plate boundaries diverge or move apart at the mid-ocean ridge where new lithosphere is formed. Convergent plate boundaries(汇聚板块边界): At the trenches, plate converge, or move toward each other, destroying old lithosphere at subduction zones. 板块在洋中脊分离或相背移动，在那里新的岩石圈形成。 Convergent plate boundaries(汇聚板块