04b前束范式+逻辑习题分析.pptVIP

第八讲 前束范式 数理逻辑习题分析 Parsing Multivariate Quantification Parsing Example Parsing Example Parsing Example Order matters Order matters –but not always Logical Equivalence with Formulas DeMorgan Revisited 谓词公式的前束范式 前束合取(析取)范式 练 习 谓词演算的推理 本节总结 重点与难点 重点： 理解前束范式的意义 难点： 前束范式与主合（析）取范式的区别 上周习题讲解 课本练习 课本练习 课本练习 补充练习 补充练习 补充练习 补充练习 补充练习 补充练习 补充练习 补充练习 判断以下推理是否正确： 课 后 任 务 * * When evaluating an expression such as ?x ?y ?z P (x,y,z ) translate the proposition in the same order to English: There is an x such that for all y there is a z such that P (x,y,z) holds. P (x,y,z ) = “y - x ≥ z ” There is an x such that for all y there is a z such that y - x ≥ z. ?There is some number x which when subtracted from any number y results in a number bigger than some number z. Q: If the universe of discourse for x, y, and z is the natural numbers {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,…} what’s the truth value of ?x?y ?z P (x,y,z )? A: True. For any “exists” we need to find a positive instance. Since x is the first variable in the expression and is “existential”, we need a number that works for all other y, z. Set x = 0 (want to ensure that y -x is not too small). Now for each y we need to find a positive instance z such that y - x ≥ z holds. Plugging in x = 0 we need to satisfy y ≥ z so set z := y. Q: Did we have to set z := y ? A: No. Could also have used the constant z := 0. Many other valid solutions. Q: Isn’t it simpler to satisfy ?x ?y ?z (y - x ≥ z ) by setting x := y and z := 0 ? Set the universe（论域） of discourse to be all natural numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, … }. Let R (x,y ) = “x y”. Q1: What does ?x ?y R (x,y ) mean? Q2: What does ?y ?x R (x,y ) mean? Q: What if we have two quantifiers of the same kind? Does order still matter? A: No! If we have two quantifiers of the same kind order is irrelevent. ?x ?y is the same as ?y ?x because these are both interpreted as “for every combination of x and y…” ?x ?y is the same as ?y ?x because these are both interpreted as “