生物信息学复习资料生物信息学复习资料.doc

生物信息学复习题（一） Bioinformatics is the application of computer technology to the management and analysis of biological information What is Bioinformatics used for? Finding homologs (twins) of a gene in your favorite species given a sequence you have in a model species；Comparing the similarity between two or more gene sequences to get a measure of their relatedness；Design of primers for the PCR reaction；Reconstructing genes from EST sequences；Grouping of proteins into families 1987年林华安博士(Dr. Hwa A. Lim)首创 Bioinformatics 一词，并开始从事信息与人类基因图谱跨领域整合研究。－生物信息学之父！ Margaret Dayhoff was the first to assemble databases of these sequences into a protein sequence atlas. The first published genome sequence was that of the single, circular chromosome of another bacterium, Hemophilus influenzae (1995), by The Institute of Genetics Research (TIGR). Two common goals in sequence analysis are to identify sequences that encode proteins, which determine all cellular metabolism, and to discover sequences that regulate the expression of genes or other cellular processes. The NBRF format is similar to the FASTA sequence format but with significant differences. The first line includes an initial “” character followed by a two-letter code such as P for complete sequence or F for fragment, followed by a 1 or 2 to indicate type of sequence, then a semicolon, then a four- to six-character unique name for the entry. There is also an essential second line with the full name of the sequence, a hyphen, then the species of origin. In FASTA format, the second line is the start of the sequence and the first line gives the sequence identifier after a “” sign. The sequence terminates with an asterisk. Intelligenetics, the IG format is similar to the PIR format, except that a semicolon is usually placed before the comment line. The identifier on the second line is also present. At the end of the sequence, a 1 is placed if the sequence is linear, and a 2 if the sequence is circular. What is A