[英语语言学实用教程课件Unit4-6.pptVIP

Lecture 4 The units of English Describe the following sounds: /f/ /i/ /?:/ [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded /?:/: mid, central, tense, long, unrounded Major contents 4.1 English morphemes 4.2 English words 4.3 English clauses and sentences 4.4 Collocations, idioms, and constructions in English Morphology [形态学] is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. Morphology falls into two categories: inflectional morphology (study of inflections) lexical/derivational morphology (study of word formation). 4.1 English morphemes The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical. Ask: How many morphemes does the following word contain? weaknesses Morphemic analysis Practice: Analyze the word: unwomanliness Classification: free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness derivational/inflectional morpheme (lexical meaning) (grammatical meaning) e.g. weak/ness-es root/affix morpheme e.g. weak/ness Task What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases? (a) the government’s policies (b) the latest news (c) two frightened cows Root, affix Root: the part expressing the basic meaning of a word. It can be free or bound. c.f. brotherly—receive Affix morphemes: prefix; infix; suffix Example of infix: foot-feet goose-geese BUT: It s controversial. Discuss P. 53 No. 1, 2 Compound A word composed of two or more free root morphemes is a compound. c.f. bookcase -- friendship Allomorph A set of allomorphs, e.g. in-, im-, il- ir-, are the variants (different realizations) of a morpheme, in- in this case. They have the same meaning and are in complementary distribution. For the morpheme of plural meaning in English: map-maps /s/, dog-dogs /z/, watch-watches /iz/, mouse-mice /ai/, ox-oxen /n/, tooth-teeth /i:/, sheep-sheep