Chapter11StorageandFileStructure.ppt

Chapter 11: Storage and File Structure Chapter 11: Storage and File Structure Overview of Physical Storage Media Storage Access File Organization Organization of Records in Files Data-Dictionary Storage Overview of Physical Storage Media 物理存储介质 Magnetic Disks 磁盘 RAID 磁盘阵列 Tertiary Storage 第三存储 Storage Access 存取 ** File Organization 文件结构 ** Organization of Records in Files 记录结构 ** Data-Dictionary Storage 数据字典 ** Storage Structures for Object-Oriented Databases Classification of Physical Storage Media Speed with which data can be accessed Cost per unit of data Reliability data loss on power failure or system crash physical failure of the storage device Can differentiate storage into: volatile storage: loses contents when power is switched off 易逝，挥发 RAM non-volatile storage: Contents persist even when power is switched off. Includes secondary and tertiary storage, as well as batter-backed up main-memory. 磁盘，光盘，磁带，闪存 Physical Storage Media Cache – fastest and most costly form of storage; volatile; managed by the computer system hardware. 快， 易逝， 硬件 Physical Storage Media Main memory: 主存储 fast access (10s to 100s of nanoseconds; 1 nanosecond = 10–9 seconds) 10纳秒 generally too small (or too expensive) to store the entire database 不能存整个DB capacities of up to a few Gigabytes widely used currently Capacities have gone up and per-byte costs have decreased steadily and rapidly (roughly factor of 2 every 2 to 3 years) Volatile — contents of main memory are usually lost if a power failure or system crash occurs.易逝， Physical Storage Media (Cont.) Flash memory 闪存 Data survives power failure 非易逝 Data can be written at a location only once, but location can be erased and written to again 可重写 有限次读写 目前质量： 1-10万次，够用了 Reads are roughly as fast as main memory 读快 写稍微慢 贵， 用于嵌入式设备，数字相机 MP3 also known as EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) Physical Storage Media (Cont.) Magnetic-disk 磁盘 P