恒星的观测新概论.pptVIP

* Annie J. Cannon. A member of the Harvard College Observatory for almost 50 years, Cannon classified the spectra of several hundred thousand stars. Today she is recognized as the founder of modern spectral classification. * /spectra.html These are hot stars, with surface temperatures greater than 10,000 K. As a consequence their spectra are rising into the blue. You should also note the steady increase of the strength of the hydrogen absorption lines. * Now we see a progression from stars with temperatures around 7000 (F7) to those with temperatures of around 4000 (K5). The strength of the hydrogen lines decreases as collisional excitation in these cooler atmospheres is insufficient to populate excited stats in hydrogen. Metallic lines now become much stronger. In particular, Calcium II H and K (wavelength around 3900 Angstroms), Magnesium I (5150 angstroms - see especially K stars) and Sodium D around 5800 angstroms. As you get to lower temperature proportinately more flux is emitted at longer (redder wavelengths). (2) 结果 根据恒星体积的大小可以把它们分成以下几类： 超巨星 R ~100-1000 R⊙ 巨星 R ~10-100 R⊙ 矮星R ~ R⊙ 恒星的大小分布为： 10-5 R⊙ (中子星) 103 R⊙(超巨星) (2) 恒星的温度和颜色 恒星的颜色反映了恒星的表面温度的高低。 温度越高（低），颜色越蓝（红）。 Rigel Betelgeuse (3) 视星等的种类 视星等的测量通常是在某一波段范围内进行的。 根据测量波段的不同，视星等可以分为目视星等、照相星等和光电星等，在全波段测量得到的星等称为热星等。 UBV测光系统。 U (ultraviolet) -紫外波段星等 B (blue) -蓝光波段星等 V (visual) -可见光波段星等 ubvy测光系统。 UBV滤光片的透光率 色指数 (color index) —在不同波段测量得到的星等之差，如U-B, B-V等。 由于天体的颜色和辐射谱的形状取决于表面温度的高低，色指数的大小反映了天体的温度。 Stellar Colors and Temperatures COLOR INDEX SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K) B intensity/ V intensity B magnitude – V magnitude 1.3 -0.28 30,000 1.0 0.0 10,000 0.55 0.65 6,000 0.21 1.7 3,000 光度与绝对星等之间的关系 10,000 100 1 0.01 0.0001 -5.25 -0.25 +4.75 +9.75 +14.75 光度L/L⊙ 绝对星等 §1.4 恒星的光谱和赫罗图 1. 恒星光谱 (spectrum) 典型的恒星的光谱由连续谱和吸收线构成。 2. 恒星光谱的形成 恒星的连续谱来自相对较热、致密的恒星内部。 吸收线来自较冷、稀薄的恒星大气。 3. 恒星的温度与光谱 恒星的表面温度还反映为恒星的特征谱线强度。 恒星的分类 4. Harvard光谱分类 Harvard大学天文台的天文学家在1890-1910年首先提出的恒星光谱分类法。 Annie Jump Cannon Oh, Be A Fin