大学化学课件-国外原版教材-2.pptVIP

Copyright 1999, PRENTICE HALL Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions The Atomic Theory of Matter John Dalton: Each element is composed of atoms All atoms of an element are identical. In chemical reactions, the atoms are not changed. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine. Dalton’s law of multiple proportions: When two elements form different compounds, the mass ratio of the elements in one compound is related to the mass ratio in the other by a small whole number. Molecules and Molecular Compounds Picturing Molecules If the structural formula does show the shape of the molecule, then either a perspective drawing, ball-and-stick model, or space-filling model is used. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. When an atom or molecule loses electrons, it becomes positively charged. For example, when Na loses an electron it becomes Na+. Positively charged ions are called cations. Ions and Ionic Compounds Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. When an atom or molecule gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged. For example when Cl gains an electron it becomes Cl-. Negatively charged ions are called anions. An atom or molecule can lose more than one electron. Ions and Ionic Compounds Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Predicting Ionic Charge The number of electrons an atom loses is related to its position on the periodic table. Metals tend to form cations whereas non-metals tend to form anions. Ions and Ionic Compounds Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Ionic Compounds The majority of chemistry involves the transfer of electrons between species. Example: To form NaCl, the neutral sodium atom, Na, must lose an electron to become a