p h y s228天文学与天体物理学（ p h y s228 astronomy astrophysics）.docVIP

PHYS 228 Astronomy Astrophysics Lecture Notes from Zeilik et al. Chap. 1 Celestial Mechanics the Solar System Heliocentric Model of Copernicus General Terms: Zodiac evening star morning star Inferior Planet - orbits closer to Sun than Earth (see Fig. 1-2) elongation superior conjunction inferior conj Superior Planet - orbits farther from Sun than Earth (see Fig. 1-2) conjunction quadrature opposition Orbital Periods of Planets Synodic period -time taken by planet to return to same position in sky, relative to Sun, as seen by Earth Sidereal period- time taken by planet to complete one orbit w/ respect to stars Equations relating synodic and sidereal periods of a planet: Let S = synodic period of planet, P = sidereal period of planet, E = sidereal period of Earth = 365.26 d Then 1/S = 1/P - 1/E Inferior Planet 1/S = 1/E - 1/P Superior Planet Defn: Astronomical Unit: Average orbital radius of Earth Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion Elliptical Orbits Radius vector of planet sweeps out equal periods in equal times P2 = a3 Geometrical Properties of Elliptical Orbits r + r’ = 2a = constant (1-1) by defn of ellipse b2 = a2 - a2e2 = a2(1-e2) (1-2) from Pythagorean theorem where a = semimajor axis of ellipse b = semiminor axis e = eccentricity r = a(1-e2)/(1 + e cos () (1-3) equation of ellipse A = (ab (1-5) area of ellipse e = (ra - rp)/(ra + rp) eccentricity of ellipse ra/rp = (1 + e)/(1 - e) ratio of aphelion distance to perihelion distance ra + rp = 2a relation between aphelion/perihelion distances and major axis rp = a(1 - e) relations between aphelion/perihelion distances, semimajor ra = a(1 + e) axis, and orbital eccentricity Law of Areas and Angular Momentum dA/dt = rvt/2 = r2(d(/dt)/2 = H/2 = A/P = (ab/P Kepler’s 2nd law - of areas v2 = G(m1 + m2) [2/r - 1/a] vis viva equation (velocity at any point r in orbit) vper = 2(a/