whyplanecoordinates-michigantechnologicaluniversity.docVIP

STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS (SPCS) (Chapter 6) Plane coordinates in surveying Problems with plane coordinates when surveys covers a large area Map projections State Plane coordinates Most surveys use plane coordinates for computing positions, lengths and directions Most surveyors are familiar with compuations involving plane coordinates Why Plane Coordinates ? Computations involving plane coordinates are simpler compared with geodetic calculations Plats (and maps) are made on flat medium, and generally, plane coordinates are used to plot them Problems Distortions in angles, distances and areas Need a map projection for accurate computations Why use map projections for plane coordinates Based on mathematically rigorous transformation of positions, lengths and directions Distortions are known (or can be computed) Can cover large areas Why State Plane Coordinates ? Unified coordinate system based on national datum Needed parameters are already available Legally recognized Map Projections Distortions Properties Scale factor Scale error Elevation factor Map projection is an orderly arrangment of two sets of lines or curves that constitute the framework of a map or a chart (graticule) On earth, two sets of curves represent meridians and parallels Map Projections used in SPCS Mathematical function(s) which transform geodetic coordinates, distances and directions to corresponding quantities on a plane (grid) Three methods of generating map projections, in general Geometric (perspective) Semi-geometric Mathematical Projection is from the datum surface to a plane or a developable surface (a surface which can be developed into a plane) Three classes of projections based on geometry of developable surface Azimuthal Conical Cylindrical The projections are also classified according to the positioning of the developable surface on datum surface (ellipsoid) Ta