《西方经济学教学课件》1a. Ch21A-11e-Lecture Presentation.pptVIP

* ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley Graphs in Macroeconomics After studying this appendix, you will be able to: Make and interpret a time-series graph Make and interpret a graph that uses a ratio scale Making a Time-Series Graph A time-series graph measures Time on the x-axis and The variable in which we are interested on the y-axis. The Time-Series Graph Reading a Time-Series Graph A time-series graph shows the Level of the variable Change in the variable The speed of change in the variable The Time-Series Graph Ratio Scale Reveals Trend A time-series graph also reveals whether a variable has a Cycle—a tendency for a variable to alternate between upward and downward movements Trend—a tendency for a variable to move in one general direction The Time-Series Graph This time-series graph has A cycle No trend The Time-Series Graph A Time-Series with a Trend Figure A21.2(a) shows the average prices paid by consumers since 1972. In 1972, the price is set at 100. The price in other years is measured as a percentage of the 1972 level. Prices look as if they rose at a fairly constant rate. The Time-Series Graph Using a Ratio Scale On the y-axis of a normal graph, the gap between 100 and 200 is the same as that between 300 and 400. On a graph with a ratio scale the gap between 100 and 200 is same as that between 200 and 400. The ratio of 200 to 100 equals the ratio of 400 to 200—a constant ratio gap. The Time-Series Graph Graphing data on a ratio scale reveals the trend. The steeper the line, the faster is the growth rate of prices. Prices rose rapidly in the 1970s and early 1980s and more slowly in the later 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. The Time-Series Graph * * * * * * * * * ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley ? 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley