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Seismic Design and Seismic Performance: A Review 1 Seismic Design Limit States It is customary to various levels of protection, each of which emphasizes a different aspect to be considered by the designer. Broadly, these relate to preservation of functionality, different degrees of efforts to minimize damage may be caused by a significant seismic event, and the prevention of loss of life. The degree to which levels of protection can be afforded will depend on the willingness of society to make sacrifices and on economic constraints within which society must exist, While region of seismicity are now reasonably well defined, the prediction of a seismic event within the projected lifespan of a building is extremely crude. Nevertheless, estimates must be made for potential seismic hazards in affected regions in an attempt to optimize between the degree of protection sought and its cost. (1) Serviceability Limit State Relatively frequent earthquakes inducing comparatively minor intensity of ground shaking should not interfere with functionality, such as the normal operation of a building or the plant it contains. This means that no damage needing repair should occur to the structure or to nonstructural components, including contents. The appropriate design effort will need to concentrate on the anticipated earthquake, and to ensure adequate strengths in all components of the structure to resist the earthquake induced forces while remaining essentially elastic. Reinforced concrete and masonry structures may develop considerable cracking at the serviceability limit state, but no significant yielding of reinforcement, resulting in large cracks, nor crushing of concrete or masonry should result. Thefrequency with which the occurrence of an earthquake corresponding to the serviceability of the building. Thus, for office buildings, the serviceability limit state may be chosen to correspond to a level of shaking likely to occur, on average, once every 50 years (i.e., a 50 ye