issuestoaddress.pptVIP

* ISSUES TO ADDRESS... ? Stress and strain: What are they and why are they used instead of load and deformation? ? Elastic behavior: When loads are small, how much deformation occurs? What materials deform least? ? Plastic behavior: At what point do dislocations cause permanent deformation? What materials are most resistant to permanent deformation? 1 ? Toughness and ductility: What are they and how do we measure them? CHAPTER 7: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Ceramic Materials: What special provisions/tests are made for ceramic materials? 2 1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload Elastic means reversible! ELASTIC DEFORMATION 3 1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload Plastic means permanent! PLASTIC DEFORMATION (METALS) 4 ? Tensile stress, s: ? Shear stress, t: Stress has units: N/m2 or lb/in2 ENGINEERING STRESS 8 ? Tensile strain: ? Lateral strain: ? Shear strain: Strain is always dimensionless. ENGINEERING STRAIN ? Typical tensile specimen 9 ? Other types of tests: --compression: brittle materials (e.g., concrete) --torsion: cylindrical tubes, shafts. ? Typical tensile test machine Adapted from Fig. 6.2, Callister 6e. Adapted from Fig. 6.3, Callister 6e. (Fig. 6.3 is taken from H.W. Hayden, W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior, p. 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965.) STRESS-STRAIN TESTING ? Modulus of Elasticity, E: (also known as Youngs modulus) 10 ? Hookes Law: s = E e ? Poissons ratio, n: metals: n ~ 0.33 ceramics: ~0.25 polymers: ~0.40 Units: E: [GPa] or [psi] n: dimensionless LINEAR ELASTIC PROPERTIES ? Elastic Shear modulus, G: 12 t = G g ? Elastic Bulk modulus, K: ? Special relations for isotropic materials: simple torsion test pressure test: Init. vol =Vo. Vol chg. = DV OTHER ELASTIC PROPERTIES 13 Metals Alloys Graphite Ceramics Semicond Polymers Composites /fibers E(GPa) YOUNG’S MODULI: COMPARISON 15 ? Simp