解剖考試重点.docVIP

总论： （1）解剖历史：古希腊Hippocrates开始：心脏四室； 希腊Aristotle：心是血液循环的中心； 希腊Heropgilus：十二指肠 Galen：16世纪前医学权威 Leonardo Da Vinci：证明血管起源自心脏，人体骨骼解剖学图谱 A.Vesalius：现代解剖奠基人。1543《人体解剖》 M.Malpighi：解剖学→组织学 （2）方位术语：浅：superficial，深profundal；嘴侧：rostral，颅侧：cranial。 属于多个系统的脏器： 胸腺thymus：胸骨柄后方，上纵隔前部，贴近心包的上方，其周围有脂肪与淋巴结。新生儿与幼儿较发达。 胰腺：外分泌+内分泌。外分泌=胰液（消化酶），内分泌（胰岛pancreatic islets）=insulin + 胰高血糖素。 骨的分类与骨的其它功能 1.四种形态：long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone 2.骨的功能： （1）Mechanical: protection + shape + Movement + sound transduction （2）synthetic: blood production (marrow, hematopoiesis) （3）Metabolic: mineral storage, growth factor, fat storage, acid-base, endocrine organ 系统联系 1.消化系统→脉管（营养吸收）：所謂「腸胃道」是從口腔開始進入，依序到咽喉、食道、胃、十二指腸、上部空腸、 迴腸、（上行、橫行、下行、乙狀）一直到直腸（大腸的最後一段），最後從肛門出去的食物經過的路徑管道。習慣上從食道到十二指腸的一段叫做「上消化道」， 而上行、下行、橫行、乙狀大腸和直腸的一段叫做「下消化道」，空腸、迴腸則屬於 「小腸」。The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs ribs) from the abdominal cavity opening level structures caval opening T8 inferior vena cava, and some branches of the right phrenic nerve esophageal hiatus T10 esophagus, the anterior and posterior vagal trunks, and some small esophageal arteries aortic hiatus T12 the aorta, the azygos vein, and the thoracic duct 2.枕骨大孔foramen magnum：Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. 3.骶管裂孔sacral hiatus：The laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra, and sometimes those of the fourth, fail to meet behind, and thus a sacral hiatus occurs in the posterior wall of the sacral canal. 4.胸膜腔pleural cavity：脏胸膜+壁胸膜，左右各一。 5.心包腔：The pericardial cavity is a potential space between the parietal pericardium and visceral layer. It contains a supply of serous fluid. The serous fluid that is found in this space is known as the pericardial fluid. 6.腹膜腔peritoneal cavity：visceral peritoneum + parietal peritoneum之间，男性封闭，女性藉输卵管腹腔口经输卵管与外界相通。 7