語言学复习资料.docVIP

第一次Exercise1 1 (1) metlanguage: it is the language used to analyze or describe a language. e.g. Some morphemes can derive new words, such as –ness when it adhere to an adjective. (2) metalingual Metalingual is the function of language that can be used to talk about language itself. (3)Macrolinguistics Macrolinguistics is the interedisciplinary study of language. It mainly includes such branches as Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Anthropological linguistics, Computational Linguistics, etc.(4)Langue: 略(5)Parole: 略 (6)Competence: It is a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. (7)Performance: It refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. 2. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples?for illustration if necessary: 2-1. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? ??The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 2-2. How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recogni