culture and subculture[精].pptVIP

What is culture ? That is a question . There are some metaphors about what is culture. Culture is like an iceberg. Culture is our software. Culture is like the water a fish swim in. Culture is the grammar of our behavior. The iceberg principle paying attention only to the top and ignoring the 8/9 that lies just below the surface A case study Devils on the Door Step 《鬼子来了》 subculture亚文化 亚文化（subculture）:also for mini culture小文化、集体文化或副文化，指在主文化(main culture)或综合文化(multiple culture)的背景下，属于某一区域或某个集体所特有的观念和生活方式，一种亚文化不仅包含着与主文化相通的价值与观念(values and opinions)，也有属于自己的独特的价值与观念，而这些价值观是散布在种种主导文化之间的。 The Classification of Subculture (亚文化的分类) 亚文化有各种分类方法，罗伯逊将亚文化分为人种的亚文化、年龄的亚文化、生态学的亚文化等。(如年龄亚文化可分为青年文化、老年文化；生态学的亚文化可分为城市文化、郊区文化和乡村文化等。) 由于亚文化是直接作用或影响人们生存的社会心理环境，其影响力往往比主文化更大，它能赋予人一种可以辨别的身份和属于某一群体或集体的特殊精神风貌和气质。 Youth Subculture(青年亚文化) Single Subculture(单身亚文化) Business Subculture(企业亚文化)　 Homosexuality Subculture(同性恋亚文化) Music Subculture (音乐亚文化) One example of Youth Subculture : Beat Generation 垮掉的一代（Beat Generation）是第二次世界大战（World War II）之后出现于美国的一群松散结合在一起的年轻诗人和作家的集合体。这一名称最早是由作家杰克·克鲁亚克(Jack Celiac)于1948年前后提出的。在英语中，形容词“beat”一词有“疲惫”或“潦倒”之意，而克鲁亚克赋予其新的含义“欢腾”或“幸福”，和音乐中“节拍”的概念联结在一起。 * * ----Made by Tao Mengran and Huang Zengxing English Class 2 , 2010 next Some Definitions: 1.People learn to think, feel, believe, and act as they do because of the messages that have been communicated to them, and those messages all bear the stamp of culture. 2.Culture is the complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward Tylor ) 3.Culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristics of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance. (Hoebel and Frost ) 4.Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with ano