ppt课件-epidemiologyofcardiovasculardisease(cvd).pptVIP

* * When developing prevention programs one needs to attack the different forms of prevention (Supercourse) * Many believe that the Population wide approach is the most cost-effective (Supercourse) * We would appreciate your help with evaluating the content of this course. Please send completed Evaluation Form to super1@? with the subject chronic disease supercourse evaluation ?? If you have any comments or questions, please send a message to super1@? ?? Primordial: Social, legal and other (often nonmedical) activities which may lead to a lowering of risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic development, smoke-free restaurants) Primary: Controlling risk factors contributing to CVD (health education programs, anti-smoking campaign, sports programs, nutrition counselling, regular check of blood pressure and certain blood parameters, e.g., cholesterol, blood lipids, glucose) Secondary: Screening and treatment of symptomatic patients, set up personal risk profile Tertiary: Cardiovascular rehabilitation, prevention of recurrence of CVD (new heart attack: 5-7 times higher risk among CVD patients) The individual approach (detecting those at greatest risk): lifestyle guidelines (e.g., smoking cessation) The population-wide approach: (the whole population, western lifestyle ) Example for community-wide CV prevention programs: - Framingham Heart Study (1948-) Framingham Risk Scoring - North-Karelia Project (1972-) Finland - Stanford Projects (1972-75, 1980-86) USA - Minnesota Cardiovascular Health Program (1980-88) USA - Multiple Risk factor Intervention Trial (1972-79) USA What may be the reasons for the declining CVD incidence rates? At the same time that there has been an epidemic of obesity, the rates of CVD has markedly declined. Why hasn’t CVD go up in the population as obesity has skyrocketed? Define the steps to prevent CHD * Dr. Piko provides and excellent overview of what we know about the epidemiology of CVD (Supercourse) If you see (Supercourse), this means t