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Energy Losses in Bends Introduction Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction between the fluid and the pipe walls and internal friction between fluid particles. Minor (secondary) head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets and outlets. In this experiment, you will measure minor head losses through a pipe section that has several bends, transitions, and fittings as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the energy-loss apparatus.