海水的化学特征[精选].pptVIP

Chapter 3chemical and physical features of seawater and the world ocean Unique nature of pure water Three state of water (fig.3.1-3.3) Heat and water Water as a solvent 水的形态/form 固体/solid (ice) 氢键牢固、晶体结构/crystal、比重小于1、固定的体积和形状 液体/liquid 结构趋于晶体化、4? C为比重的分界、有体积无形状 气体/gas (steam or water vapor) 无氢键、水分子相互独立、无固定形态和体积 热值/heat value 氢键（hydrogen bonds) 水的热值为：1 将1克液体的水温度升高1度需1卡热 将1克100? C的水变成100? C的蒸汽需540卡热 将1克0? C的冰变为0? C的水需80卡热 Water as solvent Salt composition of seawater Cl- 18,980 (PPM) Na+ 10,560 SO4 2560 Mg+2 1272 Ca+2 400 K+ 380 HCO3- 142 Br+ 65 Salt origin Chemical weathering of rocks/化学风化 sodium(Na+), potassium(K+), magnesiu(Mg++),etc. Hydrothermal vents/熔岩火山 sulfide(HS-), chloride(Cl-), etc. Seawater-water quality Salinity and hardness Temperature density pH Dissolved gases/溶解气体 Transparency/透明度 Pressure/压力，水压 硬度/hardness 原意指淡水沉淀肥皂的能力 现在仅指钙离子和镁离子的浓度 软水： 0-55ppm 轻度硬水：56-100 ppm 中度硬水： 101-200ppm 重度硬水：201-500ppm Salinity, temperature, and density The temperature and salinity of seawater determine its density: It gets denser as it gets saltier, colder, or both./ 海水温度和盐度决定了它的密度，温度越低，盐度越高，密度越大。 Transparency/透明度 The depth that sunlight can penetrate into the ocean/阳光在海洋中能穿透的深度。 Clear ocean water is most transparent to blue light(fig.3.11) Effects to transparent Depth(1000m) Suspended and dissolved material/悬浮物或溶解物 Plankton/浮游生物 Pressure/压力 With each 10m of increased depth, one atmosphere of pressure is added/水深每增加10米，压力就增加1个大气压。(fig.3.13) Stratified and stability of water column/水体分层和稳定 Water column in the ocean is usually stratified, controlled by density/大洋水体由于比重的关系通常是分层的。 The difference in density between surface and deep water makes the water column stable or unstable/表层和底层的水的比重差异大小导致水体稳定或不稳定(3.15-16) Three layered ocean Surface layer/表层:（100m) mixed layer/混合层:（100-200m） thermocline/温跃层: sudden changes in temperature over small depth interval/在浅水区域水温突然发生变