07-Dat的aLinkControl.pptVIP

Data and Computer Communications Eighth Edition by William Stallings Data Link Control Protocols need layer of logic above Physical to manage exchange of data over a link frame synchronization flow control error control addressing control and data link management Flow Control ensure sending entity does not overwhelm receiving entity by preventing buffer overflow influenced by: transmission time time taken to emit all bits into medium propagation time time for a bit to traverse the link assume here no errors but varying delays Model of Frame Transmission Stop and Wait source transmits frame destination receives frame and replies with acknowledgement (ACK) source waits for ACK before sending next destination can stop flow by not send ACK works well for a few large frames Stop and Wait Fragmentation(分块): Large block of data may be split into small frames Limited buffer size Errors detected sooner (when whole frame received) On error, retransmission of smaller frames is needed Prevents one station occupying medium for long periods Stop and wait becomes inadequate(不合适) if large block of data is split into small frames Stop and Wait Link Utilization Stop and Wait Link Utilization ７．１．１节 Sliding Windows Flow Control allows multiple numbered frames to be in transit receiver has buffer W long transmitter sends up to W frames without ACK ACK includes number of next frame expected sequence number is bounded by size of field (k) frames are numbered modulo 2k giving max window size of up to 2k - 1 receiver can ack frames without permitting further transmission (Receive Not Ready) must send a normal acknowledge to resume if have full-duplex link, can piggyback ACks Sliding Window Diagram Sliding Window Example Error Control detection and correction of errors such as: lost frames damaged frames common techniques use: error detection positive acknowledgment retransmission after timeout negative acknowledgement retransmission Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) collective name for