PKDGRA的VA Parallel k-D Tree Gravity Solver for N-Body.pptVIP

PKDGRAV: A Parallel k-D Tree Gravity Solver for N-Body Problems Derek C. Richardson (U Maryland) Overview High-performance cosmology code. Written at U Washington N-body shop by Joachim Stadel (U Zurich) Tom Quinn. Now adapted for a variety of applications, including planet formation. Lastest version has implementation of SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics). Sample Movie Spatial Binary Tree Ironically, PKDGRAV no longer uses a k-D tree for gravity… The problem: elongated cells can give large multipole moments and other pathologies. The solution: spatially bisect cells and squeeze the cell boundaries. Also good for neighbour searching. Spatial Binary Tree Tree Walking Construct particle-particle and particle-cell interaction lists from top down. Define opening ball (based on ?) to test for ball-bucket intersection. If bucket outside ball, apply multipole (c-list). Otherwise open cell and test its children, etc., until leaves reached (which go on p-list). Nearby cells have similar lists: amortize. Tree Walking Other Issues Multipole expansion order. Use hexadecapole (best bang for buck). Force softening. Use spline-softened gravity kernel. Periodic boundary conditions. Use Ewald summation technique. Time steps. Use hierarchical steps (adaptive leapfrog). Parallel Implementation Master layer (serial). Controls overall flow of program. Processor Set Tree (PST) layer (parallel). Assigns tasks to processors. Parallel k-D (PKD) layer (serial). MIMD execution of tasks. Machine-dependent Layer (MDL, separate). Interface to parallel primitives. Domain Decomposition Scaling at Fixed Accuracy Some Science: Planetesimals One of the recent additions to PKDGRAV is the ability to treat particle collisions. Applications: Planet formation (planetesimal growth). Asteroid disruption. Planetary rings. Technique: predict collision during leapfrog drift step using fast neighbour search. Planetesimal Evolution Evolutionary models based on laboratory experiments may be inadequate. Outcom